Sources
Primary Sources
5th Congress of the United States. "The Alien Act, the Alien Enemies Act, and the Sedition Act." (Brief title: the Alien and Sedition Acts), 14 July 1798. ourdocuments.gov, n.d. Web. 2 April 2014.
The Alien and Sedition Acts allowed the executive branch to deport immigrants deemed dangerous by the state.
68th Congress of the United States. "The Immigration Act of 1924." (Brief title: Johnson-Reed Act), 26 May 1924. cuni.cz, Univerzita Karlova. 18 March 2002. Web. 2 April 2014.
The Immigration Act of 1924 created a quota system that limited the number of immigrants that could enter the United States legally.
104th Congress of the United States. “Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996.” (Brief title: Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996), 30 September 1996. United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, United States Department of Homeland Security. n.d. Web. 3 April 2014.
The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 imposed restrictions on the asylum system, including a one-year deadline.
"Aliens and Nationality." 8 CFR § 208.15. (1997)
One of the circumstances that prevents an individual from achieving asylum in the United States is resettlement in another country prior to entering the United States. The rules on resettlement and exceptions are outlined in this government regulation.
"Aliens and Nationality." 8 CFR § 208.4. (1997)
This regulation outlines the rules on submitting applications for asylum, including exceptions on the year deadline.
Brecht, Bertolt. “I, the Survivor.” n.d. Web. 20 Jan 2014.
Bertolt Brecht’s poem-- “I, the Survivor” -- describes his feelings after surviving the Holocaust when many others did not.
Morgenthau, Henry. “Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of this Government in the Murder of the Jews.” 13January 1944. Department of the Treasury, Department of the Treasury. Web. 12 April 2014.
This report from the Department of the Treasury describes the tactics used by the Roosevelt Administration to prevent information about the Holocaust from reaching Americans.
“The Pulpit Law”. (Brief title: the Pulpit Law) 10 December 1871. Germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org, German History in Documents and Images. n.d. Web. 4 April 2014.
The Pulpit Law of Germany, which was part of the May Acts, oppressed numerous German catholics, leading to a mass-exodus.
Franklin D. Roosevelt: "Executive Order 9417 Establishing the War Refugee Board." 22 January 1944. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.
Executive Order 9417, which established the War Refugee Board, was enacted in response to public outcry over the tragedies of the Holocaust, with the goal of saving Jewish refugees.
Truman, Harry S. “Executive Order 9614.” 14 Sept 1945. Trumanlibrary.org, Harry S. Truman Library and Museum.
Executive Order 9614 disbanded the War Refugee Board.
Truman, Harry S. “President Truman's Statement and Directive on Displaced Persons.” 22 Dec 1945. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org, Jewish Virtual Library. n.d. Web. 15 April 2014.
President Truman’s Directive allowed around 23,000 displaced persons to enter the United States between 1945 and 1947.
Thiong, Peter. “A Man of No County.” leoweekly.com, Leo Weekly. 8 September 2010. Web. 17 Jan 2014.
Peter Thiong, a Sudanese Lost Boy, describes his journey back to his home in South Sudan in this article.
United States Department of Homeland Security. “Asylum”. USCIS.gov, US Citizenship and Immigration Services. 18 June 2013. Web. 16 November 2013.
Those who have been persecuted based on race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion can apply for asylum in the United States. The criteria and process is outlined on this webpage.
United States Department of Homeland Security. “Asylum Bars”. USCIS.gov, US Citizenship and Immigration Services. 1 April 2011. Web. 17 November 2013.
There are qualities which will immediately disqualify an individual from obtaining asylum in the United States, as described by the US Citizenship and Immigration Services department on this page.
United States Department of Homeland Security. "Asylum Eligibility and Applications FAQ." USCIS.gov, US Citizenship and Immigration Services. 2008-2012. Web. 17 November 2013.
This source describes how the decision to grant or refuse asylum is made.
United States Department of Homeland Security. “I-485, Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status“. USCIS.gov, US Citizenship and Immigration Services. 20 June 2013. Web. 16 November 2013.
To apply for permanent residence, individuals must file Form I-485, which asks many questions about the individual’s past. This 6 page form displays the focus of the asylum process. Specifically, the form inquires about communist backgrounds, links to Nazism, and criminal backgrounds.
United States Department of Homeland Security. “I-730, Refugee/Asylee Relative Petition “. USCIS.gov, US Citizenship and Immigration Services. 20 June 2013. Web. 16 November 2013.
This form, I-730, shows the process for bringing one’s family to America through the asylum process.
United States Department of Homeland Security. “I-765, Application for Employment Authorization“. USCIS.gov, US Citizenship and Immigration Services. 1 April 2013. Web. 16 November 2013.
Form I-765 is a request for employment authorization, and it shows how thoroughly asylum candidates are watched and restricted.
United States Department of Homeland Security. "Obtaining Asylum in the United States." USCIS.gov, US Citizenship and Immigration Services. 10 March 2011. Web. 17 November 2013.
This guide by the Department of Homeland Security outlines and compares the two processes used to acquire asylum in the US.
United States Department of Homeland Security and US Department of Justice. “I-589, Application for Asylum and for Withholding of Removal.” USCIS.gov, US Citizenship and Immigration Services. 1 November 2012. Web 16 November 2013.
Form I-589 is the primary application for asylum. It is twelve pages and lends insight into what the government considers when granting asylum.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Passenger List of the St. Louis”. Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 10 June 2013. Web. 8 Jan 2014.
This source was compiled by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and is a list of the passengers of the St. Louis.
United States Senate. “Congressional Record for 3 Aug 2001.” GPO.gov, US Government Printing Office. 3 Aug 2001. Web. 8 April 2014.
The Congressional Record for August 3rd, 2001, records the Senator Feingold’s opinion regarding the Wagner-Rogers bill.
Secondary Sources
The Advocates for Human Rights. “German Immigration to the United States.” energyofanation.org, the Advocates for Human Rights. 2011. Web. 17 April 2014.
The waves of German immigration to the United States in the 19th century are described in this source.
"Albert Einstein - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 20 Jan 2014.
The life of Albert Einstein, renowned physicist, is outlined in this article.
Barnett, Don. “The Coming Conflict Over Asylum: Does America Need a New Asylum Policy?” CIS.org, Center for Immigration. March 2002. Web. 15 April 2014.
In the Center for Immigration’s report, the political asylum system in the United States is assessed.
Betesh, Lauren. “Iran's Gay Underground Railroad: 'Either You Want to Leave or You Want to Die.” Huffingtonpost.com, Huffington Post. 13 March 2014. Web. 16 April 2014.
In Iran, members of the LGBT community can be harshly punished or killed for their sexual orientation, which feeds into the political asylum system in the United States, as covered in this article.
Boed, Roman. “The State of the Right of Asylum in International Law.” scholarship.law.duke.edu, Duke University. 1994. Web. 17 Jan 2014.
This research paper outlines many of the ideas and principles behind the right of asylum.
“Bosnian War (1992 - 1995)” Mount Holyoke, Mount Holyoke College. n.d. Web. 17 April 2014.
The Bosnian War is described in this article.
The Breman Museum. “One Thousand Children.” The Breman Museum, The Breman Museum: Atlanta’s Jewish Heritage and Holocaust Museum. 2008. Web. 8 April 2014.
The Breman Museum outlines American efforts to save Jewish children from the Nazis.
Brooks, Courtney. “Coming to America: A Bosnian Refugee Empowered.” Rferl.org, Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. 30 March 2013. Web. 17 April 2014.
The life of a Bosnian refugee in America is described in this interview.
The Council for Global Equality. “The Facts on LGBT Rights in Russia.” globalequality.org, the Council for Global Equality. n.d. Web. 16 April 2014.
In this fact sheet, the Council for Global Equality outlines the realities for LGBT Russians.
“Cuban Exiles in America.” pbs.org, Public Broadcasting Service. 21 Dec 2004. Web. 16 April 2014.
In PBS’s American Experience series, the history and impact of Cuban exiles is explained.
“Culture Shock Sudanese Refugees Coming to America.” n.d. Web. 16 April 2014.
This video segment highlights the culture shock and dysphoria experienced by new immigrants to the United States.
Daniels, Kaitlin. “The Haitian Dilemma: The Relationship between Politics and Asylum”. Duke University. 2008. Web. 8 Jan 2014.
The Haitian Dilemma outlines the influence of rushes of Haitian immigrants to the political climate in America.
Eire, Carlos. “In Defense of Marco Rubio's Story of His Family's Exile.” Newrepublic.com, New Republic. 7 May 2012. Web. 15 April 2014.
Carlos Eire, an exiled Cuban, describes the story of Marco Rubio’s parents and grandparents.
Gritten, David; Lucy Rodgers; and Emily Macguire. “Syria: the Story of the Conflict.” BBC.com, British Broadcasting Company. 13 March 2014. Web. 16 April 2014.
The catalysts for and results of the Syrian Conflict are described in this article.
Hastings, Deborah. “Fleeing Wrath of Vicious Cartels, Record-Breaking Numbers of Mexicans Seek Political Asylum in the United States.” NYdailynews.com, New York Daily News. 23 October 2013. Web. 16 April 2014.
Deborah Hastings reports on the massive number of applications for political asylum received from Mexico in the past few years.
Immigration Equality. “Asylum Law Basics: A Brief History.” Immigrationequality.org, Immigration Equality. n.d. Web. 17 April 2014.
In this legal manual, the “basics”-- history, barriers, and procedures-- of the political asylum system are explained and examined.
Kaku, Michio. “Albert Einstein-- Nazi Backlash and Coming to America.” Britannica.com, Encyclopedia Britannica. 17 Oct 2013. Web. 20 Jan 2014.
Michio Kaku outlines the Nazi backlash Albert Einstein experienced in the 1930s.
“Know Nothing Party.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica. 2 January 2014. Web. 31 March 2014.
The Know Nothing Party of the 1850s to 1870s promoted xenophobia and nativism, as outlined in this source.
Laffer, Dennis Ross. “The Jewish Trail of Tears The Evian Conference of July 1938.” University of South Florida, University of South Florida graduate papers. 1 Jan 2001. Web. 3 April 2014.
Laffer’s graduate paper outlines the Evian Conference of 1938 and its effect on Jewish refugees.
“The Lost Boys of the Sudan.” Unicef.org, Unicef. n.d. Web. 15 April 2014.
Unicef describes the lives of the Lost Boys of Sudan in this article.
McCallum, John. “Syrian Refugee Crisis Requires Bolder Action from Ottawa.” Thestar.com, the Star. 16 April 2014. Web. 16 April 2014.
John McCallum of the Star takes a stand on the Syrian refugee crisis in this article.
Nielsen, Nikolaj. “Syrians and Russians Top Asylum Demands to EU.” EUobserver.com, EU Observer. 25 March 2014. Web. 17 April 2014.
The EU Observer reporter Nikolaj Nielsen outlines the number of applicants for political asylum and their countries of origin in 2013.
Public Broadcasting Service. “The Klu Klux Klan in the 1920s.” American Experience, American Experience by PBS. n.d. Web. 31 March 2014.
The Public Broadcasting Service describes the membership, goals, and actions of the Klu Klux Klan in the 1920s.
“Our Amazing 12-year Journey with the Lost Boys.” 60 Minutes, CBS News. 19 Jan 2014. Web. 16 April 2014.
In this 60 Minutes’s segment, the lives of the Sudanese Lost Boys that immigrated to America are described.
"Report: Gov't Allowed Nazi Criminals into the US" CBS, CBS News. 22 November 2010. Web. 17 November 2013.
The American government’s failures to keep Nazi war criminals from emigrating to the United States is demonstrated in this article.
"Report Released on Nazi Immigration to US." CBS, New York. 14 November 2010. Video, web. 17 November 2013.
CBS’s report on Nazi Immigration to the United States exhibits the United State’s inability to keep war criminals out of the country and America’s later efforts to expel them.
Radnedge, Aidan. “The Afghan Refugees Clinging to Hope Amid Terror and Tragedy.” Metro.co.uk, Metro News. 26 March 2014. Web. 16 April 2014.
In this article, the conditions for the refugees of Afghanistan are described.
Ryan, Jason. “No One Will Take Ex-Nazis Ordered Deported by US”. ABC, ABC News. 13 May 2011. Web. 17 November 2013.
Jason Ryan’s article on ex-Nazis in the United States portrays the difficulties of removing war criminals from the country.
Thomas, John F. “Cuban Refugees in the United States.” Cuban Refugee Program Welfare Administration, United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. n.d. Web. 15 April 2014.
John F. Thomas describes the history of Cuban refugees in the United States.
"Understanding your I-94 Arrival/ Departure Record." Internationaloffice.berkeley.edu, University of California- Berkeley. 2012. Web. 17 November 2013.
This article explains the I-94 form which is dispersed upon arrival in the United States.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “1933: Key Dates.” Holocaust Encyclopedia. 10 June 2013. Web. 14 Jan 2014.
In this article, the key dates of 1933 that pertain to the Holocaust, are outlined.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “A Days of Remembrance Discussion with Assistant Secretary of State Mike Posner”. Speakers and Events, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 13 Apr 2011. Web. 8 Jan 2014.
This interview of Mike Posner, the Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, for the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. In the interview, Posner outlined the government’s effort to advance human rights around the world.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Documents Required to Obtain a Visa.” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 10 June 2013. Web. 10 Feb 2014.
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum outlines the documents required to obtain a visa during the 1930s.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Franklin Delano Roosevelt”. Holocaust Encyclopedia. 10 June 2013. Web. 14 Jan 2014.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s presidency, specifically his decisions that influenced European Jews, are outlined in this article.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Helen Katz.” Holocaust Encyclopedia. 10 June 2013. Web. 14 Jan 2014.
A victim of the Holocaust, 13-year old Helen Katz, is described in this source.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Obstacles to Immigration”. Holocaust Encyclopedia. 10 June 2013. Web. 14 Jan 2014.
During the 1930s, the immigration policies of many countries made life difficult for those seeking refuge or wishing to change countries. This article outlines those difficulties.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. "Refugees". Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 10 June 2013. Web. 2 April 2014.
This article describes the refugees of the Second World War and their methods of immigration.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “War Refugee Board: Background and Establishment.” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 10 June 2013. Web. 14 April 2014.
The War Refugee Board, which was established towards the end of WWII, sought to save Jews from the Holocaust.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “United States Policy and Its Impact on European Jews”. Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 10 June 2013. Web. 9 December 2013.
USHMM’s encyclopedia article explains the direct effects of America’s policy decisions on European Jews.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “United States Policy Towards Jewish Refugees, 1941-1952.” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 10 June 2013. Web. 14 April 2014.
This article chronicles the United States’s immigration policies towards displaced persons following the Second World War.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Voyage of the St. Louis”. Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 10 June 2013. Web. 8 Jan 2014.
This encyclopedia article describes the voyage of the St. Louis, a ship filled with Jewish refugees fleeing the Third Reich.
Welna, David. “Rubio Tries to Clarify How His Family Left Cuba.” NPR.org, National Public Radio. 24 Oct 2011. Web. 14 April 2014.
In this article, Senator Marco Rubio’s family history is described.
Photos
Albert Einstein - Biographical. n.d. Photo. Nobel Prize.
Albert Einstein Memorial. n.d. Photo. Foggy Bottom, Washington DC, US.
Cartel Violence. n.d. Photo. Limón de la Luna, Michoacan, Mexico. New York Daily News.
Chishty, Shaista. “Niaz Bibi.” n.d. Metro News.
German Jewish Refugees. 1935. Photo. Berlin, Germany. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Grob, Marco. Marco Rubio: The Republican Savior. 16 Feb 2012. Photo. TIME Magazine.
Helen Katz. n.d. Photo. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Henry Morgenthau. n.d. Photo. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
High-ranking Army officials examine cremation pyre at Ohrdruf Concentration Camp. 12 April 1945. Photo. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Jews to Palestine. 22 January 1939. Photo. Berlin, Germany. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
KKK Midnight Rite. 1920. Photo. Northern Illinois, US. Library of Congress.
Myron Taylor speaks at Evian Conference. 15 July 1938. Photo. Evian-les-Bains, France. United States Holocaust Museum.
Nast, Thomas. American River Ganges. 8 May 1875. Political cartoon. The Ohio State University.
Natalie- Bosnian Refugee. n.d. Photo. Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty.
Nativist Flag. n.d. Photo. Fordham University.
Rief-Lehrer, Liane. Passengers aboard the St. Louis. 1939. Photo. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Russian demonstrator attacked by police. 29 June 2013. Photo. International Business Times.
Santino Majok Chuor. n.d. Photo. British Broadcasting Company.
Syrian refugees filling their buckets at Atmeh refugee camp. 5 Apr 2013. Province of Idlib, Syria. VOA News.
Syrian family fleeing violence. n.d. Photo. British Broadcasting Company.
Uncle Sam's Lodging House. 1882. Political cartoon. Balch Institute Broadsides.
“Will the Evian Conference Guide him to Freedom?” 3 July 1938. Political cartoon. The New York Times.
5th Congress of the United States. "The Alien Act, the Alien Enemies Act, and the Sedition Act." (Brief title: the Alien and Sedition Acts), 14 July 1798. ourdocuments.gov, n.d. Web. 2 April 2014.
The Alien and Sedition Acts allowed the executive branch to deport immigrants deemed dangerous by the state.
68th Congress of the United States. "The Immigration Act of 1924." (Brief title: Johnson-Reed Act), 26 May 1924. cuni.cz, Univerzita Karlova. 18 March 2002. Web. 2 April 2014.
The Immigration Act of 1924 created a quota system that limited the number of immigrants that could enter the United States legally.
104th Congress of the United States. “Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996.” (Brief title: Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996), 30 September 1996. United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, United States Department of Homeland Security. n.d. Web. 3 April 2014.
The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 imposed restrictions on the asylum system, including a one-year deadline.
"Aliens and Nationality." 8 CFR § 208.15. (1997)
One of the circumstances that prevents an individual from achieving asylum in the United States is resettlement in another country prior to entering the United States. The rules on resettlement and exceptions are outlined in this government regulation.
"Aliens and Nationality." 8 CFR § 208.4. (1997)
This regulation outlines the rules on submitting applications for asylum, including exceptions on the year deadline.
Brecht, Bertolt. “I, the Survivor.” n.d. Web. 20 Jan 2014.
Bertolt Brecht’s poem-- “I, the Survivor” -- describes his feelings after surviving the Holocaust when many others did not.
Morgenthau, Henry. “Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of this Government in the Murder of the Jews.” 13January 1944. Department of the Treasury, Department of the Treasury. Web. 12 April 2014.
This report from the Department of the Treasury describes the tactics used by the Roosevelt Administration to prevent information about the Holocaust from reaching Americans.
“The Pulpit Law”. (Brief title: the Pulpit Law) 10 December 1871. Germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org, German History in Documents and Images. n.d. Web. 4 April 2014.
The Pulpit Law of Germany, which was part of the May Acts, oppressed numerous German catholics, leading to a mass-exodus.
Franklin D. Roosevelt: "Executive Order 9417 Establishing the War Refugee Board." 22 January 1944. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.
Executive Order 9417, which established the War Refugee Board, was enacted in response to public outcry over the tragedies of the Holocaust, with the goal of saving Jewish refugees.
Truman, Harry S. “Executive Order 9614.” 14 Sept 1945. Trumanlibrary.org, Harry S. Truman Library and Museum.
Executive Order 9614 disbanded the War Refugee Board.
Truman, Harry S. “President Truman's Statement and Directive on Displaced Persons.” 22 Dec 1945. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org, Jewish Virtual Library. n.d. Web. 15 April 2014.
President Truman’s Directive allowed around 23,000 displaced persons to enter the United States between 1945 and 1947.
Thiong, Peter. “A Man of No County.” leoweekly.com, Leo Weekly. 8 September 2010. Web. 17 Jan 2014.
Peter Thiong, a Sudanese Lost Boy, describes his journey back to his home in South Sudan in this article.
United States Department of Homeland Security. “Asylum”. USCIS.gov, US Citizenship and Immigration Services. 18 June 2013. Web. 16 November 2013.
Those who have been persecuted based on race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion can apply for asylum in the United States. The criteria and process is outlined on this webpage.
United States Department of Homeland Security. “Asylum Bars”. USCIS.gov, US Citizenship and Immigration Services. 1 April 2011. Web. 17 November 2013.
There are qualities which will immediately disqualify an individual from obtaining asylum in the United States, as described by the US Citizenship and Immigration Services department on this page.
United States Department of Homeland Security. "Asylum Eligibility and Applications FAQ." USCIS.gov, US Citizenship and Immigration Services. 2008-2012. Web. 17 November 2013.
This source describes how the decision to grant or refuse asylum is made.
United States Department of Homeland Security. “I-485, Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status“. USCIS.gov, US Citizenship and Immigration Services. 20 June 2013. Web. 16 November 2013.
To apply for permanent residence, individuals must file Form I-485, which asks many questions about the individual’s past. This 6 page form displays the focus of the asylum process. Specifically, the form inquires about communist backgrounds, links to Nazism, and criminal backgrounds.
United States Department of Homeland Security. “I-730, Refugee/Asylee Relative Petition “. USCIS.gov, US Citizenship and Immigration Services. 20 June 2013. Web. 16 November 2013.
This form, I-730, shows the process for bringing one’s family to America through the asylum process.
United States Department of Homeland Security. “I-765, Application for Employment Authorization“. USCIS.gov, US Citizenship and Immigration Services. 1 April 2013. Web. 16 November 2013.
Form I-765 is a request for employment authorization, and it shows how thoroughly asylum candidates are watched and restricted.
United States Department of Homeland Security. "Obtaining Asylum in the United States." USCIS.gov, US Citizenship and Immigration Services. 10 March 2011. Web. 17 November 2013.
This guide by the Department of Homeland Security outlines and compares the two processes used to acquire asylum in the US.
United States Department of Homeland Security and US Department of Justice. “I-589, Application for Asylum and for Withholding of Removal.” USCIS.gov, US Citizenship and Immigration Services. 1 November 2012. Web 16 November 2013.
Form I-589 is the primary application for asylum. It is twelve pages and lends insight into what the government considers when granting asylum.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Passenger List of the St. Louis”. Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 10 June 2013. Web. 8 Jan 2014.
This source was compiled by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and is a list of the passengers of the St. Louis.
United States Senate. “Congressional Record for 3 Aug 2001.” GPO.gov, US Government Printing Office. 3 Aug 2001. Web. 8 April 2014.
The Congressional Record for August 3rd, 2001, records the Senator Feingold’s opinion regarding the Wagner-Rogers bill.
Secondary Sources
The Advocates for Human Rights. “German Immigration to the United States.” energyofanation.org, the Advocates for Human Rights. 2011. Web. 17 April 2014.
The waves of German immigration to the United States in the 19th century are described in this source.
"Albert Einstein - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 20 Jan 2014.
The life of Albert Einstein, renowned physicist, is outlined in this article.
Barnett, Don. “The Coming Conflict Over Asylum: Does America Need a New Asylum Policy?” CIS.org, Center for Immigration. March 2002. Web. 15 April 2014.
In the Center for Immigration’s report, the political asylum system in the United States is assessed.
Betesh, Lauren. “Iran's Gay Underground Railroad: 'Either You Want to Leave or You Want to Die.” Huffingtonpost.com, Huffington Post. 13 March 2014. Web. 16 April 2014.
In Iran, members of the LGBT community can be harshly punished or killed for their sexual orientation, which feeds into the political asylum system in the United States, as covered in this article.
Boed, Roman. “The State of the Right of Asylum in International Law.” scholarship.law.duke.edu, Duke University. 1994. Web. 17 Jan 2014.
This research paper outlines many of the ideas and principles behind the right of asylum.
“Bosnian War (1992 - 1995)” Mount Holyoke, Mount Holyoke College. n.d. Web. 17 April 2014.
The Bosnian War is described in this article.
The Breman Museum. “One Thousand Children.” The Breman Museum, The Breman Museum: Atlanta’s Jewish Heritage and Holocaust Museum. 2008. Web. 8 April 2014.
The Breman Museum outlines American efforts to save Jewish children from the Nazis.
Brooks, Courtney. “Coming to America: A Bosnian Refugee Empowered.” Rferl.org, Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. 30 March 2013. Web. 17 April 2014.
The life of a Bosnian refugee in America is described in this interview.
The Council for Global Equality. “The Facts on LGBT Rights in Russia.” globalequality.org, the Council for Global Equality. n.d. Web. 16 April 2014.
In this fact sheet, the Council for Global Equality outlines the realities for LGBT Russians.
“Cuban Exiles in America.” pbs.org, Public Broadcasting Service. 21 Dec 2004. Web. 16 April 2014.
In PBS’s American Experience series, the history and impact of Cuban exiles is explained.
“Culture Shock Sudanese Refugees Coming to America.” n.d. Web. 16 April 2014.
This video segment highlights the culture shock and dysphoria experienced by new immigrants to the United States.
Daniels, Kaitlin. “The Haitian Dilemma: The Relationship between Politics and Asylum”. Duke University. 2008. Web. 8 Jan 2014.
The Haitian Dilemma outlines the influence of rushes of Haitian immigrants to the political climate in America.
Eire, Carlos. “In Defense of Marco Rubio's Story of His Family's Exile.” Newrepublic.com, New Republic. 7 May 2012. Web. 15 April 2014.
Carlos Eire, an exiled Cuban, describes the story of Marco Rubio’s parents and grandparents.
Gritten, David; Lucy Rodgers; and Emily Macguire. “Syria: the Story of the Conflict.” BBC.com, British Broadcasting Company. 13 March 2014. Web. 16 April 2014.
The catalysts for and results of the Syrian Conflict are described in this article.
Hastings, Deborah. “Fleeing Wrath of Vicious Cartels, Record-Breaking Numbers of Mexicans Seek Political Asylum in the United States.” NYdailynews.com, New York Daily News. 23 October 2013. Web. 16 April 2014.
Deborah Hastings reports on the massive number of applications for political asylum received from Mexico in the past few years.
Immigration Equality. “Asylum Law Basics: A Brief History.” Immigrationequality.org, Immigration Equality. n.d. Web. 17 April 2014.
In this legal manual, the “basics”-- history, barriers, and procedures-- of the political asylum system are explained and examined.
Kaku, Michio. “Albert Einstein-- Nazi Backlash and Coming to America.” Britannica.com, Encyclopedia Britannica. 17 Oct 2013. Web. 20 Jan 2014.
Michio Kaku outlines the Nazi backlash Albert Einstein experienced in the 1930s.
“Know Nothing Party.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica. 2 January 2014. Web. 31 March 2014.
The Know Nothing Party of the 1850s to 1870s promoted xenophobia and nativism, as outlined in this source.
Laffer, Dennis Ross. “The Jewish Trail of Tears The Evian Conference of July 1938.” University of South Florida, University of South Florida graduate papers. 1 Jan 2001. Web. 3 April 2014.
Laffer’s graduate paper outlines the Evian Conference of 1938 and its effect on Jewish refugees.
“The Lost Boys of the Sudan.” Unicef.org, Unicef. n.d. Web. 15 April 2014.
Unicef describes the lives of the Lost Boys of Sudan in this article.
McCallum, John. “Syrian Refugee Crisis Requires Bolder Action from Ottawa.” Thestar.com, the Star. 16 April 2014. Web. 16 April 2014.
John McCallum of the Star takes a stand on the Syrian refugee crisis in this article.
Nielsen, Nikolaj. “Syrians and Russians Top Asylum Demands to EU.” EUobserver.com, EU Observer. 25 March 2014. Web. 17 April 2014.
The EU Observer reporter Nikolaj Nielsen outlines the number of applicants for political asylum and their countries of origin in 2013.
Public Broadcasting Service. “The Klu Klux Klan in the 1920s.” American Experience, American Experience by PBS. n.d. Web. 31 March 2014.
The Public Broadcasting Service describes the membership, goals, and actions of the Klu Klux Klan in the 1920s.
“Our Amazing 12-year Journey with the Lost Boys.” 60 Minutes, CBS News. 19 Jan 2014. Web. 16 April 2014.
In this 60 Minutes’s segment, the lives of the Sudanese Lost Boys that immigrated to America are described.
"Report: Gov't Allowed Nazi Criminals into the US" CBS, CBS News. 22 November 2010. Web. 17 November 2013.
The American government’s failures to keep Nazi war criminals from emigrating to the United States is demonstrated in this article.
"Report Released on Nazi Immigration to US." CBS, New York. 14 November 2010. Video, web. 17 November 2013.
CBS’s report on Nazi Immigration to the United States exhibits the United State’s inability to keep war criminals out of the country and America’s later efforts to expel them.
Radnedge, Aidan. “The Afghan Refugees Clinging to Hope Amid Terror and Tragedy.” Metro.co.uk, Metro News. 26 March 2014. Web. 16 April 2014.
In this article, the conditions for the refugees of Afghanistan are described.
Ryan, Jason. “No One Will Take Ex-Nazis Ordered Deported by US”. ABC, ABC News. 13 May 2011. Web. 17 November 2013.
Jason Ryan’s article on ex-Nazis in the United States portrays the difficulties of removing war criminals from the country.
Thomas, John F. “Cuban Refugees in the United States.” Cuban Refugee Program Welfare Administration, United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. n.d. Web. 15 April 2014.
John F. Thomas describes the history of Cuban refugees in the United States.
"Understanding your I-94 Arrival/ Departure Record." Internationaloffice.berkeley.edu, University of California- Berkeley. 2012. Web. 17 November 2013.
This article explains the I-94 form which is dispersed upon arrival in the United States.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “1933: Key Dates.” Holocaust Encyclopedia. 10 June 2013. Web. 14 Jan 2014.
In this article, the key dates of 1933 that pertain to the Holocaust, are outlined.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “A Days of Remembrance Discussion with Assistant Secretary of State Mike Posner”. Speakers and Events, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 13 Apr 2011. Web. 8 Jan 2014.
This interview of Mike Posner, the Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, for the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. In the interview, Posner outlined the government’s effort to advance human rights around the world.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Documents Required to Obtain a Visa.” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 10 June 2013. Web. 10 Feb 2014.
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum outlines the documents required to obtain a visa during the 1930s.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Franklin Delano Roosevelt”. Holocaust Encyclopedia. 10 June 2013. Web. 14 Jan 2014.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s presidency, specifically his decisions that influenced European Jews, are outlined in this article.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Helen Katz.” Holocaust Encyclopedia. 10 June 2013. Web. 14 Jan 2014.
A victim of the Holocaust, 13-year old Helen Katz, is described in this source.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Obstacles to Immigration”. Holocaust Encyclopedia. 10 June 2013. Web. 14 Jan 2014.
During the 1930s, the immigration policies of many countries made life difficult for those seeking refuge or wishing to change countries. This article outlines those difficulties.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. "Refugees". Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 10 June 2013. Web. 2 April 2014.
This article describes the refugees of the Second World War and their methods of immigration.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “War Refugee Board: Background and Establishment.” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 10 June 2013. Web. 14 April 2014.
The War Refugee Board, which was established towards the end of WWII, sought to save Jews from the Holocaust.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “United States Policy and Its Impact on European Jews”. Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 10 June 2013. Web. 9 December 2013.
USHMM’s encyclopedia article explains the direct effects of America’s policy decisions on European Jews.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “United States Policy Towards Jewish Refugees, 1941-1952.” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 10 June 2013. Web. 14 April 2014.
This article chronicles the United States’s immigration policies towards displaced persons following the Second World War.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Voyage of the St. Louis”. Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 10 June 2013. Web. 8 Jan 2014.
This encyclopedia article describes the voyage of the St. Louis, a ship filled with Jewish refugees fleeing the Third Reich.
Welna, David. “Rubio Tries to Clarify How His Family Left Cuba.” NPR.org, National Public Radio. 24 Oct 2011. Web. 14 April 2014.
In this article, Senator Marco Rubio’s family history is described.
Photos
Albert Einstein - Biographical. n.d. Photo. Nobel Prize.
Albert Einstein Memorial. n.d. Photo. Foggy Bottom, Washington DC, US.
Cartel Violence. n.d. Photo. Limón de la Luna, Michoacan, Mexico. New York Daily News.
Chishty, Shaista. “Niaz Bibi.” n.d. Metro News.
German Jewish Refugees. 1935. Photo. Berlin, Germany. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Grob, Marco. Marco Rubio: The Republican Savior. 16 Feb 2012. Photo. TIME Magazine.
Helen Katz. n.d. Photo. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Henry Morgenthau. n.d. Photo. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
High-ranking Army officials examine cremation pyre at Ohrdruf Concentration Camp. 12 April 1945. Photo. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Jews to Palestine. 22 January 1939. Photo. Berlin, Germany. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
KKK Midnight Rite. 1920. Photo. Northern Illinois, US. Library of Congress.
Myron Taylor speaks at Evian Conference. 15 July 1938. Photo. Evian-les-Bains, France. United States Holocaust Museum.
Nast, Thomas. American River Ganges. 8 May 1875. Political cartoon. The Ohio State University.
Natalie- Bosnian Refugee. n.d. Photo. Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty.
Nativist Flag. n.d. Photo. Fordham University.
Rief-Lehrer, Liane. Passengers aboard the St. Louis. 1939. Photo. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Russian demonstrator attacked by police. 29 June 2013. Photo. International Business Times.
Santino Majok Chuor. n.d. Photo. British Broadcasting Company.
Syrian refugees filling their buckets at Atmeh refugee camp. 5 Apr 2013. Province of Idlib, Syria. VOA News.
Syrian family fleeing violence. n.d. Photo. British Broadcasting Company.
Uncle Sam's Lodging House. 1882. Political cartoon. Balch Institute Broadsides.
“Will the Evian Conference Guide him to Freedom?” 3 July 1938. Political cartoon. The New York Times.